InternationalCouncilofOphthalmologyFoundation2006ReportInternationalCouncilofOphthalmologyFoundation2006ReporttheWorldOphthalmologyFoundation®International Council of Ophthalmology Foundation Board of Directors Bradley R. Straatsma, M.D., J.D., President Professor & Chairman Emeritus Department of Ophthalmology Director Emeritus, Jules Stein Eye Institute University of California Los Angeles, California Hilel Lewis, M.D., Vice President Professor and Chairman Division of Ophthalmology Director, Cole Eye Institute The Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, Ohio Bruce E. Spivey, M.D., Secretary-Treasurer President, International Council of Ophthalmology Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology California Pacific Medical Center San Francisco, California H.R.H. Prince AbdulAziz Ahmad AbdulAziz AlSaud President, Impact: Eastern Mediterranean Region International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Rubens Belfort, M.D., Ph.D. President, 2006 World Ophthalmology Congress Head Professor, Department of Ophthalmology President, Vision Institute Federal University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil Jean-Jacques C. De Laey, M.D., Ph.D. Secretary-General, International Council of Ophthalmology Professor & Chairman Department of Ophthalmology University of Ghent Ghent, Belgium Akef El-Maghraby, M.D. Vice President, International Council of Ophthalmology President, Middle-East African Council of Ophthalmology Chairman, Magrabi Hospitals and Centers Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Paul R. Lichter, M.D. F. Bruce Fralick Professor & Chair Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Director, W. K. Kellogg Eye Center University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan ICOFoundation Board of Directors Meeting at Las Vegas, Nevada on November 12, 2006. Left to right: Alfred Sommer, M.D., M.H.S.; James V. Mazzo; Bruce E. Spivey, M.D.; Paul R. Lichter, M.D.; Akef El-Maghraby, M.D.; Rubens Belfort, M.D., Ph.D.; Prince AbdulAziz Ahmad AbdulAziz AlSaud; Timothy R. G. Sear; David E. I. Pyott; Hilel Lewis, M.D.; Bradley R. Straatsma, M.D., J.D.; Jean-Jacques C. DeLaey, M.D., Ph.D.; Yasuo Tano, M.D.; and Paul A. Sieving, M.D., Ph.D. James V. Mazzo Chairman, President & CEO Advanced Medical Optics, Inc. Santa Ana, California Alice R. McPherson, M.D. President, Retina Research Foundation Professor of Ophthalmology Baylor Eye Physicians and Surgeons Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas Takakazu Morita Chairman & CEO Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Osaka, Japan David E. I. Pyott Chairman & CEO Allergan, Inc. Irvine, California Timothy R. G. Sear Chairman Emeritus Alcon, Inc. Fort Worth, Texas Paul A. Sieving, M.D., Ph.D. Director, National Eye Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland Alfred Sommer, M.D., M.H.S. Dean Emeritus and Professor Bloomberg School of Public Health Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland Yasuo Tano, M.D. Treasurer, International Council of Ophthalmology President, Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology Professor and Chairman Department of Ophthalmology Osaka University Osaka, Japan The Challenge: Worldwide Visual Impairment Nearly one-third of the cerebral cortex—the thin adults 50 years of age and older. Significantly, as layer of 20 billion neurons on the surface of the brain much as 75% of disease-related vision loss is avoid-responsible for human language, consciousness and able—either preventable or treatable—with currently reasoning—is devoted to vision.1 Cortical cells joined available knowledge and biotechnology.3 through neural paths to the intricacies of the eye Adding to this burden, the World Health form the visual system that is the primary sense we Organization estimates that 153 million people have rely on in our daily lives. Vision contributes to per-severe impairment of distance vision, including 5 ception, learning, mobility, and the joy of life. Yet, million who are blind, due to uncorrected refractive millions of people in all regions of the globe are visu-error.4 With appropriate optical correction, the vast ally impaired or blind. majority of this impairment can be eliminated. Throughout the world, 161 million people are The world today presents extraordinary challenges in severely visually impaired due to eye disease and of the context of extraordinary global connectedness. these 37 million people are blind.2 World Health More than at any time in the history of human civi-Organization data document that the burden of visu-lization, the well being of each individual is inextrica-al impairment and blindness is greatest in the least bly linked to that of every other. The stark reality of developed regions of the globe and the burden is extensive and avoidable visual impairment and blind-greater, in all regions, among women than men. ness throughout the world compels a global initiative More than 1.4 million children are blind, but visual to promote best possible vision for every person. impairment and blindness are most prevalent in 2006 International Council of Ophthalmology and ICOFoundation Activities Include: • 2006 World Ophthalmology Congress, São Paulo, Brazil. Attended by more than 12,000 participants from 120 countries • Election of International Council of Ophthalmology Officers for 2006–2010. President, Bruce E. Spivey, M.D. (United States) Vice President, Akef El-Maghraby, M.D. (Saudi Arabia) Secretary-General: Jean-Jacques C. DeLaey, M.D., Ph.D. (Belgium) Treasurer: Yasuo Tano, M.D. (Japan) • Worldwide Curricula for Ophthalmology Education. Published in November 2006 and posted on the Internet. • Ophthalmology Program Directors Courses. Presented in Lima, Peru and Cairo, Egypt. • Ophthalmology Training and Patient Care Demonstration Centers: Nigeria and China. • Ophthalmology Knowledge Assessments. Conducted for more than 1500 registrants at 92 test centers in 61 countries. • Ophthalmology Fellowships. Awarded to 57 ophthalmologists from developing countries. 1. Nyberg, KA. An early start for the thinking brain, Yale Medicine, Winter 2007, page 10. 2. Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002. Resnikoff S et al, Bull. World Health Organization 2004: 82(11), 844-851. 3. Global Initiative For the Elimination of Avoidable Blindness. World Health Organization/PBL/97.61. 4. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2006/pr55/en/indexhtml, confirmed 4/19/2007 2006 REPORT |1 International Council of Ophthalmology Foundation International Council of Ophthalmology Foundation The International Council of Ophthalmology Foundation (ICOFoundation, www.icofounda-tion.org), established in 2002, acts to support ophthalmic education, advocate quality eye care, and advance scientific ophthalmology. In 2006, the ICOFoundation augmented its governing body by election of four new Directors: HRH Prince AbdulAziz Ahmad AbdulAziz AlSaud President, Impact: Eastern Mediterranean Region International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Jean-Jacques C. De Laey, M.D., Ph.D. Secretary-General, International Council of Ophthalmology Professor & Chairman, Department of Ophthalmology University of Ghent Ghent, Belgium Alice R. McPherson, M.D. President, Retina Research Foundation Professor of Ophthalmology Baylor Eye Physicians & Surgeons Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas Takakazu Morita Chairman & CEO Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Osaka, Japan Functioning throughout the globe as the World Ophthalmology Foundation®, programs of the ICOFoundation are coordinated with the International Council of Ophthalmology and the International Federation of Ophthalmological Societies. International Council of Ophthalmology and International Federation of Ophthalmological Societies The International Council of Ophthalmology (Council, www.icoph.org) traces its origin to 1857 when 150 ophthalmologists from 24 countries con-vened in Brussels for the first International Congress of Ophthalmology. Since then, the Council has been responsible for organizing the periodic International Congress of Ophthalmology and for conducting global programs to advance ophthalmology education, patient care and research. The International Council of Ophthalmology is the executive body of the International Federation of Ophthalmological Societies. As such, the Council is composed of members elected by Delegates of the International Federation of Ophthalmological Societies; members representing the Academia Ophthalmologica Internationalis, International InternationalFederationofOphthalmologicalSocieties:OphthalmologistsWorldwide5Africa1,881Asia38,914Australia—Oceania1,003Europe44,930NorthAmerica29,186SouthAmerica8,434Total124,3485.InternationalCouncilofOphthalmology,DirectoryofInternationalOphthalmology,1–307,2006.2 | 2006 REPORT International Council of Agency for Prevention of Blindness, ICOFoundation, and the major supranational ophthalmology soci-eties; and members who are coordinators of the principal Council programs. The Council also gains substantial leadership from members of the Advisory Committee representing the ophthalmology subspecialties. Uniquely representative of world ophthalmology, the International Federation of Ophthalmological Societies, registered as a nonprofit organization in Switzerland, is made up of the national ophthal-mology societies of over 100 countries in Africa, Asia, Australia-Oceania, Europe, North America and South America. Subspecialty ophthalmology organizations are increasingly important in the advance of ophthal-mology, ophthalmic education and eye care world-wide. Accordingly, the International Federation of Ophthalmological Societies expanded membership in 2004 to include multinational subspecialty soci-eties that fulfill specific criteria. Since then, more than 20 multinational subspecialty ophthalmology societies have become members of the International Federation of Ophthalmological Societies. 2006 World Ophthalmology Congress® Organized by the International Council of Ophthalmology, the 2006 World Ophthalmology Congress® in São Paulo, Brazil, combined the XXX International Congress of Ophthalmology; the XXVI Pan-American Congress of Ophthalmology; and the XVII Brazilian Blindness Prevention and Visual Rehabilitation Congress. All components of the 2006 World Ophthalmology Congress® were united for the purpose of transmitting knowledge, stimulating discovery through research, and decreas-ing avoidable visual impairment and blindness. With Dr. Rubens Belfort (Brazil) as President, the 2006 World Ophthalmology Congress® included an Ophthalmology Foundation InternationalFederationofOphthalmologicalSocietiesGeneralAssemblyatthe2006WorldOphthalmologyCongress.Dr.UshaChakravarthy(Ireland)isdiscussingamotion.outstanding scientific and cultural program as well as the seminal Global Forum of Non-governmental Organizations working to preserve and restore vision. The Congress was attended by more than 12,000 participants from 120 countries. This underscores how our professional community has become global. The 2008 World Ophthalmology Congress® in Hong Kong, China, will be led by Dr. Dennis S. C. Lam (China) as President. The Congress will com-bine the XXXI International Congress of Ophthalmology; the XXIII Congress of the Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology; the XIII Congress of the Chinese Ophthalmological Society, and the XX Hong Kong Ophthalmological Symposium. In 2010, the World Ophthalmology Congress® will convene in Berlin, Germany, with Dr. Gerhard K. Lang (Germany) as President. 2006 REPORT | 3 International Council of Ophthalmology Foundation International Council of Ophthalmology Foundation Programs As the World Ophthalmology Foundation®, the ICOFoundation enhances eye and vision care for people throughout the globe through support of the International Ophthalmology Strategic Plan to Preserve and Restore Vision—Vision for the Future. Stemming from planning meetings in 1999—2001 conducted by the International Council of Ophthalmology, Academia Ophthalmologica Internationalis and consultants representing vision-related organizations, govern-mental agencies and the vision-care industry, Vision for the Future identified needs for ophthalmic edu-cation, guidelines for eye care, advocacy for preser-vation of vision and health-services research. To review programs and plan future directions, the International Council of Ophthalmology conduct-ed strategic planning with meetings in Zurich, Switzerland and Las Vegas, United States, as well as online reviews throughout 2006. Strategic planning re-affirmed the focus on ophthalmic education including knowledge assessments and fellowship training, emphasized the importance of eye and vision care guidelines, and refined actions in sup-port of public advocacy and research for preserva-tion of vision worldwide. The Council is commit-ted to addressing the needs and opportunities identified in the 2006 Strategic Plan. With actions that are intertwined with programs of the Council, like two strands of DNA, the ICOFoundation supports: WorldwideprogramssupportedbytheICOFoundation.OphthalmicEducationandTrainingAdvocacyforPreservationofVisionOphthalmicKnowledgeAssessmentEyeandVisionCareGuidelinesOphthalmicFllowshipTrainingResearchinOphthalmologyandVision4 | 2006 REPORT International Council of OphthalmicEducationandTrainingOphthalmic education and training are the funda-mental building blocks of actions to preserve and restore vision worldwide. In 2006, education and training were advanced by: ¦ Ophthalmology Curricula ¦ Resident Program Directors Courses ¦ Resident-Specialist Training and Eye Care Centers Ophthalmology Curricula. Addressing the question of “What to teach?”, a multinational com-mittee, appointed by the International Council of Ophthalmology and chaired by Dr. Mark O. M. Tso (United States) and specific task forces focused on curricula for Ophthalmology Medical Student Education, Ophthalmology Resident-Specialist Education, Ophthalmology Continuing Education, and Para-Ophthalmic Vision Specialist Education. In November 2006, the related curricula were published in Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde and posted on the Internet. Ophthalmology Medical Student Education. With the growth of world population, increasing longevity of human life, and eye diseases such as cataract, glaucoma and age-related macular degenera-tion associated with aging, eye care is increasingly important in the general scope of medical practice. Consequently, the Council and the ICOFoundation are promoting ophthalmology education for all medical students through develop-ment of a universally applicable ophthalmology curriculum for medical students. A multinational committee of educator-scientists, formed by the Council and chaired by Dr. Richard K. Parrish II (United States), formulated a curricu-lum for ophthalmology medical student education. For adaptation to different systems of medical education, the “Principles and Guidelines of a Curriculum for Ophthalmic Education of Medical Students” presents a core of essential knowledge Ophthalmology Foundation VisionfortheFutureTheInternationalOphthalmologyStrategicPlantoPreserveandRestoreVision.and additional content appropriate for the geo-graphic region and national health service system. The curriculum includes measures for objective assessment of the student’s knowledge and skills at the conclusion of the ophthalmic curriculum. This curriculum for Ophthalmology Medical Student Education is published in English in Klinische StrategicplanningbyCouncilOfficersandMembersatZurich,SwitzerlandinJuly2006.Seatedlefttoright:YasuoTano,M.D.,Treasurer;AkefEl-Maghraby,M.D.,VicePresident;BruceE.Spivey,M.D.,President;andJean-JacquesC.DeLaey,M.D.,Ph.D.,Secretary-General.Standinglefttoright:RubensBelfortM.D.,Ph.D.;DanielEtya’ale,M.D.;BradleyR.Straatsma,M.D.,J.D.;andWilliamFelch(CouncilExecutiveDirector).2006 REPORT | 5 International Council of Ophthalmology Foundation OphthalmologyCurriculaforeducationofMedicalStudents,Resident-Specialists,ContinuingEducation,andPara-OphthalmicSpecialistspublishedinKlinischeMonatsblätterfürAugenheilkundeinNovember2006.Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde, November 2006, and presented on the Internet at www.icoph.org/pdf/icocurricmed.pdf. Ophthalmology Resident-Specialist Education. To advance the education and training of ophthalmology resident-specialists, the Council established a multinational committee with Dr. Morton F. Goldberg (United States) as chair and Dr. Andrew G. Lee (United States) as co-chair. The committee of educator-scientists developed a broadly applicable curriculum for ophthalmology resident-specialist training. The curriculum and guidelines recognize that general principles must be augmented by special training adapted to diverse cultures, population groups and regional disease prevalence. Skills, techniques and competencies must be further adapted to be compatible with cul-tures, health care facilities and health care systems of nations throughout the world. Culminating nearly six years of work to determine the “need to know” for ophthalmologists through-out the world, the multilevel “Principles and Guidelines of a Curriculum for Education of the Ophthalmic Specialist” was published in Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde, November 2006, and presented on the Internet at www.icoph.org/pdf/icocurricres.pdf. Ophthalmology Continuing Education. The ophthalmologist requires continuing enhancement of knowledge, refinement of professional skills, and training for utilization of advanced technology. Continuing professional development necessitates lifelong learning. Dr. Zbigniew Zagorski (Poland) chairs the Council committee coordinating information regarding ophthalmology continuing education programs. This compendium presents principles of continuing medical education and topic-specific sections focused on areas such as a cornea, external diseases, refractive surgery, cataract, neuro-ophthalmology, pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus, vitreoreti-nal diseases, uveitis and glaucoma. Information is published as “Principles and Guidelines of a Curriculum for Continuing Medical Education in Ophthalmology” in the November 2006 issue of Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde and posted on the Internet at www.icoph.org/pdf/icocurriccme-pdf. Para-Ophthalmic Vision Specialist Education. Ophthalmic patient care services are provided within a broad range of eye and healthcare programs in urban and rural centers throughout the globe. For efficacy and efficiency, the ophthalmologist is in continuous communica-tion with para-ophthalmic vision specialists and 6 | 2006 REPORT International Council of Ophthalmology Foundation with physicians in related medical specialties. The needs and requirements for para-ophthalmic vision specialists vary greatly by geographic region, eco-nomic development and national health system. Recognizing the great importance of para-oph-thalmic vision specialists, Dr. Sivaguru Selvarajah (Malaysia) leads a multinational committee of oph-thalmologists, para-ophthalmic personnel and con-sultants committed to the education of community based para-ophthalmic personnel, hospital based para-ophthalmic personnel, as well as orthoptists and ophthalmic technicians. The program devel-oped by this team of educators is published in the Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde, November 2006, and presented on the Internet at www.icoph.org/pdf/icocurricpara.pdf. Ophthalmology Resident Program Directors Courses. The Resident Program Director is responsible for organizing the instruction, monitoring clinical experience and assessing the progress of ophthal-mology residents throughout the multiyear train-ing. To address the question “How to teach?” and aid the Program Director, courses that deal specifi-cally with directing a residency program, methods for quality education, changing resident behavior when indicated, assessing skills and measuring competence are conducted by the Council and the ICOFoundation. Reflecting coordination among ophthalmology organizations, the Program Directors Courses are endorsed by the American Academy of Ophthalmology, Association of University Professors of Ophthalmology (United States), regional multinational ophthalmology organizations and national ophthalmology organizations in the host country. Ophthalmology Resident Program Directors Courses 2004 Mexico City, Mexico June 2004 Chair: Dr. Enrique Graue Wiechers (Mexico) Co-Chair: Dr. Karl C. Golnik (United States) Participants: Program Directors of all 23 ophthalmology residency programs in Mexico 2006 Lima, Peru March, 2006 Chair: Dr. Jose Antonio Roca (Peru) Co-Chair: Dr. Karl C. Golnik (United States) Participants: Program Directors of Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador. Cairo, Egypt June, 2006 Chair: Dr. Fathi El-Sahn (Egypt) Program Chair: Dr. Akef El-Maghraby (Egypt) Program Co-Chair: Dr. Andrew G. Lee (United States) Participants: Program Directors of Egypt, Algeria, Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Yemen and United Arab Emirates. 2007 Lahore, Pakistan February 2007 Chair: Dr. M. Daud Kahn (Pakistan) Co-Chair: Dr. Karl C. Golnik (United States) Participants: Program Directors of Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, and Maldives. Buenos Aires, Argentina July 2007 Chair: Dr. Ricardo A. Dodds (Argentina) Co-Chairs: Dr. Anthony C. Arnold (United States) & Dr. Karl C. Golnik (United States) Participants: Program Directors of Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay and regional countries. Brasilia, Brazil September 2007 Chair: Dr. Paula A. Mello (Brazil) Co-Chair: Dr. Karl C. Golnik (United States) Participants: Resident Program Directors of Brazil. 2006 REPORT | 7 International Council of Ophthalmology Foundation Peru. The Council and ICOFoundation conducted an Ophthalmology Resident Program Directors Course in Lima, Peru on March 23–24, 2006. With Dr. Jose Antonio Roca (Peru) Chair, and Dr. Karl C. Golnik (United States), Co-Chair, the course was attended by Resident Program Directors of Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador. To enhance the value of the Course, the Council, ICOFoundation, Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology, Pan-American Ophthalmological Foundation and the American Academy of Ophthalmology combined to distribute a copy of the Academy’s Basic and Clinical Science Course to every ophthalmology resident training program in Peru and Bolivia. Egypt: The Council and ICOFoundation conducted a Resident Program Directors Course in Cairo, Egypt, on June 15–16, 2006. Led by Dr. Fathi El-Sahn (Egypt), Chair; Dr. Akef El-Maghraby (Egypt), Program Chair; and Dr. Andrew G. Lee (United States), Program Co-Chair; the Course was attended by Resident Program Directors of Egypt, Algeria, Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Yemen and United Arab Emirates. A follow-up meeting of the Resident Program Directors took place during the IX Congress of the Middle-East African Council of Ophthalmology in Dubai, United Arab Emirates in March 2007. OphthalmologyResidentProgramDirectorsCourse,Cairo,Egypt,inJune2006.AttendedbyProgramDirectorsof15MiddleEastcountries.OphthalmologyResidentProgramDirectorsCourse,Cairo,Egypt.CoursefacultymembersfromEgypt,SaudiArabiaandtheUnitedStates.)Resident-Specialist Training and Eye Care Centers. The International Council of Ophthalmology and the ICOFoundation are working in collaboration with other ophthalmic and public service organiza-tions to develop demonstration centers for ophthal-mology resident-specialist education in Nigeria and for prevention as well as management of diabetic eye disease in China. Nigeria. Following assessment of ophthalmology Resident Training Centers in Nigeria by Council members and leaders of the Ophthalmological Society of Nigeria in 2004, agreements were reached on a multiyear program to develop ophthalmology resident-specialist education in conjunction with sustainable eye care systems in Nigeria. As an initial step, educational support is being provided by the Council and ICOFoundation in the form of electronic equipment for broadband Internet access to current medical texts and journals at six training centers identified by the Ophthalmological Society of Nigeria. The National Eye Institute (United States) and the World Health Organization are instituting a program to measure utilization of Internet access and to assess the impact of access to current medical information on the quality of care. 8 | 2006 REPORT International Council of Prior to the end of 2006, equipment for broadband Internet access was installed at all six centers and broadband access to current medical education commenced at two of the six centers. With encour-agement of the Ophthalmological Society of Nigeria, all six centers expect to have regular broad-band Internet access to medical information by March 2007. The significance of broadband Internet access can-not be overestimated. With over 100 million web-sites in 2007 and over one billion Internet users worldwide, less than 4% of the population in Africa has access to the Internet.6 Internet access at training facilities opens the path for a wealth of current biomedical information and technology. Ophthalmology Resident— Specialist Education and Eye Care Centers in Nigeria Centers Receiving Broadband Educational Support National Eye Centre, Kaduna, Kaduna State Guinness Eye Centre, Onitsha, Anambra State University of Jos Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State University of Calabar College of Medical Sciences, Calabar, Cross River State University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oye State (Coordinating Centre) 6. Watching the Web Grow Up. The Economist Technology Quarterly. March 2007, page 31. Ophthalmology Foundation Planning Team for Internet access at Resident-Specialist Training Centers in Nigeria. Left to right: Dr. R. Pararajasegaram (World Health Organization); Mr. Francis Sanya (Executive Secretary, Ophthalmological Society of Nigeria); Dr. Kunle Hassan (Nigeria); Dr. BGK Ajayi (Nigeria); Dr. Hannah Faal (The Gambia); Dr. Daniel Etya’ale (World Health Organization); Dr. Bruce E. Spivey (United States); Dr. Adenike Abiose (Nigeria) and Dr. S.N.N. Nwosu (Nigeria). Building of the University College Hospital as a multinational regional center for training of ophthalmologists is progressing with support of Vision2020, the Carl Zeiss Project and the ICOFoundation. Ophthalmologists have received specialized training, cataract surgery has increased in volume and distinct progress is being made on development of University College Hospital as a resource for Nigeria and the West African Region. China. Responding to the global epidemic of diabetes mellitus throughout the world, the International Council of Ophthalmology and ICOFoundation are working in partnership with Peking University Eye Center and Eli Lilly and Company to establish the Peking University Eli Lilly Diabetic Eye Disease Center in Beijing, China. With formal approval of Peking University, direction by Dr. Zhizhong Ma, Executive Vice President of the Peking University Eye Center, and leadership by Dr. Mark O. M. Tso (United States), the Diabetic Eye Disease Center is designed to prevent and treat diabetic eye disease by coordinated diabetic medical care and ophthalmic care, community outreach and diabetes-2006 REPORT | 9 International Council of Ophthalmology Foundation related education. Recognizing the challenge of dia-betic eye disease, multiyear consultation with Lions Aravind Institute of Community Ophthalmology and leading diabetic eye disease centers is planned. In addition, an ICO Diabetes Education Task Force is providing recommendations. PekingUniversityofficiallyestablishedtheEliLillyDiabeticEyeDiseaseCenter.ThedocumentshownaboveinauguratestheDiabeticEyediseaseCenterinpartnershipwiththeInternationalCouncilofOphthalmology.The Peking University Eli Lilly Diabetic Eye Disease Center, in partnership with the International Council of Ophthalmology, was announced to television and news media in China on March 20, 2007. With the President of Peking University presiding, Mr. Sidney Taurel, CEO of Eli Lilly and Company, and Dr. Zhizhong Ma, Director of the Diabetic Eye Disease Center, emphasized the importance of diabetes education and eye care. ICOFoundationSupportforOphthalmicEducationandTraining.In2006,theICOFoundationprovidedsupportfundsforthe:OphthalmologyMedicalStudentCurriculumOphthalmologyResident-SpecialistCurriculumOphthalmologyContinuingEducationCurriculumPara-ophthalmicVisionSpecialistCurriculumOphthalmologyProgramDirectorsCoursesResident-SpecialistEducationandEyeCareCentersOphthalmicKnowledgeAssessmentsThe International Council of Ophthalmology conducts annual Ophthalmic Knowledge Assessments in Basic Science, including Optics and Refraction, and in the Clinical Sciences to address the question “What has been learned?” by ophthalmologists in training. The Assessments are the only worldwide medical specialty examinations and present questions prepared by a multinational committee of examiners chaired by Dr. Peter G. Watson (United Kingdom). Examinations are set at the same standard of the highest board, college and qualifying examinations in the world. The Assessments are free of any outside influence and can be taken in the candidate’s own country. Assessment questions are translated from English into French, German, Portuguese, Spanish, Turkish and other languages corresponding to need. At the time of examination, the English version is presented along with the alternate language so that compar-isons can be made by the candidate (www.icoph.org). 10 | 2006 REPORT International Council of Successful passage of the Assessments is recognized by a certificate that is universally acknowledged to show that the holder has achieved a high standard of theoretical knowledge. In Turkey and a number of other countries, the Basic Science and Clinical Sciences Assessments are part of the national exami-nation for ophthalmology certification Since the Basic Science Assessment was inaugurated in 1995 and the Clinical Sciences Assessment was initiated in 1998, more than 15,000 candidates have voluntarily applied for and taken the Assessments. This extensive participation documents the impor-tance of an objective and internationally identified standard of knowledge, particularly for candidates in countries without any formal written evaluation procedures and for candidates in countries that use the Assessments as part of the formal certification process. In recent years, the annual Assessments took place on April 3, 2003, April 1, 2004, April 7, 2005 and April 6, 2006 in countries that range alphabeti-cally from Argentina to Yugoslavia. ICOFoundation Support for Ophthalmic Knowledge Assessments. With outstanding management by Dr. Peter G. Watson, the Assessments are well established and self-support-ing. In addition, the ICOFoundation provides support funds to extend the Assessments to candidates unable to compete for the certificate because of economic factors and to encourage regional initiative for use of the Ophthalmic Knowledge Assessments in geographic sectors without formal written evaluations. Dr. Peter G. Watson, Coordinator, and a multi-national committee of educators lead the Ophthalmic Knowledge Assessments. Ophthalmology Foundation OphthalmicKnowledgeAssessmentsBasicScienceandClinicalSciencesYearCandidatesTestCentersCountries200310977553200411978459200514723572006153792612007**ScheduledforApril12,2007OphthalmicFellowshipTrainingThe Fellowship of the International Federation of Ophthalmological Societies (IFOS) and the International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO), was inaugurated in 2001 and conducted by a multinational committee chaired by Dr. Balder P. Gloor (Switzerland) from 2001 through 2006. In recognition of Dr. Gloor’s initiative, creativity and leadership of the fellowship program, one IFOS/ICO fellowship per year in 2007 and thereafter is being named the Balder P. Gloor Fellowship. When informed of this recognition, Dr. Gloor graciously stated that “contact with so many young ophthalmologists in all parts of the world enriched my life.” In 2007, Dr. Veit-Peter Gabel (Germany) com-menced as chair of the multinational committee synchronizing the IFOS/ICO Fellowship Program. Fellowships are offered to candidates from develop-ing countries who have completed basic residency training in ophthalmology, are preferably in or aspiring to a teaching position, preferably hold the Ophthalmic Knowledge Assessment Certificate, and are committed to return to their country of origin subsequent to completing the fellowship. 2006 REPORT | 11 International Council of Ophthalmology Foundation IFOS/ICO Fellowship Awards: 2001–2006 Year Fellowship Awards 2001 9 2002 42 2003 37 2004 42 2005 48 2006 57 Total 235 IFOS/ICO Fellowships: 2001–2006 Country of Training Country of Origin of Fellows of Fellows Afghanistan Libya Australia Armenia Lithunia Belgium Aserbaidschan Malawi Brazil Bangladesh Malaysia Canada Bosnia-Herzegowina Maledivia Egypt Botswana Mexico Finland Brazil Moldavia France Bulgaria Mongolia Germany Burma Nigeria Great Britain Burundi Pakistan Hungary Cameroun Palestine India Chile Paraguay Italy P.R. China Peru Japan Costa Rica Philippines Jordan Czech Republic Poland Mexico Egypt Romania Netherlands Ethopia Russia Peru Georgia Serbia-Montenergro Poland Ghana Sudan Portugal Hungary Syria Saudi Arabia India Tansania South Africa Indonesia Thailand Spain Jordan Tunesia Singapore Iran Turkey Switzerland Iraq Uganda Tansania Kasachstan Ukraine Tunis Kenia Venezuela United States Kosovo Vietnam Kongo Zambia Kyrgyz Zimbabwe Generally of three months duration, fellowships are offered in Comprehensive Ophthalmology and in subspecialty areas. Institutions that have agreed to accept IFOS/ICO Fellows identify the characteris-tics and strengths of their programs on the Internet. Candidates apply to a host institution via the Internet, specific goals of the fellowship are estab-lished and language issues affecting communication with staff and patients are considered. Following evaluation of all information, IFOS/ICO Fellowships are awarded by the committee led by Dr. Gabel and further administered by Dr. Jean-Jacques C. De Laey (Belgium). To control costs, all parts of the IFOS/ICO Fellowship application, review, award process and follow-up report are conducted online (www.icoph.org/fellow). The program began in 2001 with award of 9 IFOS/ICO Fellowships. With an enthusiastic response by qualified applicants and a positive response by training institutions, awards were increased thereafter. From 2001 through 2006, 235 IFOS/ICO Fellowships were awarded. Fellows from 60 countries benefited greatly from efforts and resources contributed by training insti-tutions in 27 countries. These advanced centers voluntarily provided the training environment as well as supervision and, in many instances, arranged follow-up activities and training. Reports filed at the conclusion of each fellowship attest to the cordiality of international relationships and the extraordinary value of the knowledge and skills acquired during the fellowship. ICOFoundation Fellowship Support. Funds to enable IFOS/ICO Fellowships were contributed by the IFOS/ICO and provided through donations to the ICO and ICOFoundation. To sustain this extremely worthwhile program of education and training, substantial donations to the ICOFoundation are needed in 2007 and thereafter. 12 | 2006 REPORT International Council of Ophthalmology Foundation 2006REPORT|13FromNigeriatoErlangen-NürnbergUniversityOphthalmologyDepartment,Erlangen-Nürnberg,GermanyDr.OluremiOlateju,showninthesurgerytraininglabora-tory,receivedCornea—ExternalDiseaseFellowshipundersupervisionofProf.Kruse.FromLibyatotheMedicalUniversityofLublin,Poland.Dr.AbdrahmanF.M.BenZaglamstudiedmicrosurgeryandappliedforanadvanceddoctoraldegreewhilereceivingFellowshipsupervisedbyProf.ZbigniewZagorski.Dr.MaryanaKovalska(left)receivedPediatricOphthalmologyFellowshiptrainingsupervisedbyProf.K-PBoergen.FromUkrainetoLudwigMaxmillianUniversityEyeHospital,Munich,Germany.FromMongoliatoHopitalPeliegrin,Serviced’Ophtalmologie,Bordeux,France.UndersupervisionofProf.JosephColin,Dr.DisanSainbilig(left)hadFellowshipfocusedonKeratoplastyandPhacoemulsificationCataractSurgery.FromIndiatoMoorfieldsEyeHospital,London,England.Dr.VasumathyVedantham(left)obtainedPediatricRetinaandElectrophysiologyTraininginFellowshipsupervisedbyDr.GrahamHolder.IFOS/ICOFellowships2006InternationalEyeandVisionCareGuidelinesGuidelinesfor20eyeandvisioncareconditionsinclude:DiabeticRetinopathyGlaucomaMacularDegenerationTrachomaInternational Council of Ophthalmology Foundation EyeandVisionCareGuidelinesEyeandVisionCareGuidelines.MeetinginBeijingtodevelopGuidelinesforusethroughoutChinaare(lefttoright)Dr.LeonEllwein(NationalEyeInstitute,UnitedStates),Dr.Ji-lingZhao(President,ChineseOphthalmologicalSociety)andDr.RichardL.Abbott(GuidelinesCoordinator,UnitedStates).Because medical knowledge is derived from thou-sands of sources and technology is advancing contin-uously, assimilation of knowledge and technology into best medical practice is a continuing challenge. To aid ophthalmologists in providing best medical practice, Eye and Vision Care Guidelines are needed to define what constitutes appropriate eye care and to promote a universal high standard of quality. “Appropriate eye care” is, however, resource depend-ent and related to the culture, economic circum-stances and health services system of a region or country. Thus, Eye Care Guidelines must identify principles, recognize the importance of geographic and cultural modifications, and encourage a progres-sively high standard of evidence-based ophthalmic care worldwide. A multinational committee appointed by the International Council of Ophthalmology with Dr. Richard L. Abbott (United States) as chair is responsi-ble for development of guidelines and recommenda-tions for eye and vision care. This committee reviewed and adapted for international use the Preferred Practice Patterns® of the American Academy of Ophthalmology, Cataract Keratitis the Clinical Practice Guidelines for Specialists of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists and similar practice recommen-dations by other professional organizations. Eye care guidelines for management of 20 major ophthalmic entities have been developed and pre-sented on the Internet (www.icoph.org/guide). Chinese Ophthalmological Society Adopts Clinical Practice Guidelines. Leaders of the Chinese Ophthalmological Society reviewed Eye and Vision Guidelines with Dr. Abbott and representa-tives of the American Academy of Ophthalmology, International Council of Ophthalmology, National Eye Institute (United States) and World Health Organization during special meetings. Thereafter, with adaptations appropriate for use in China, the Clinical Practice Guidelines initiative was formally introduced at the Congress of the Chinese Ophthalmological Society at Tianjin, China in September 2005 and presented in agreed upon format at the 3rd Global Eye Congress at Beijing, China in August 2006. Currently, the Clinical Practice Guidelines are being disseminated to teaching hospi-tals and regional eye care centers throughout China for evaluation and use in the delivery of eye care. 14 | 2006 REPORT International Council of Ophthalmology ICOFoundation Support for Eye and Vision Care Guidelines. Continuous activities related to development, review and evaluation of Eye and Vision Care Guidelines are conducted as volunteer activities by ophthalmologists and health care professionals. The ICOFoundation support is used for review and dis-semination of Eye Care Guidelines as well as develop-ment of guidelines for additional eye diseases such as onchocerciasis. Experience with the Clinical Practice Guidelines initiative in China demonstrates the need for extensive communication, direct discussion and extended professional interaction. AdvocacyforPreservationofVisionPreservation of vision and blindness prevention advanced in the World Health Organization Strategic Plan: 2008–2013 with adoption by the World Health Assembly of Resolution WHA 59.25 in 2006. This instructed the WHO Director-General to give priori-ty to elimination of avoidable blindness, provide technical support for collaboration among countries engaged in prevention of avoidable blindness and monitor progress in the Global Initiative for the Elimination of Avoidable Blindness. The International Council of Ophthalmology, representing the International Federation of Ophthalmological Societies and the more than 120,000 ophthalmologists worldwide combined with Vision 2020, the International Agency for Prevention of Blindness and a number of other professional and nongovernmental organizations to advance prevention of avoidable blindness as a sub-stantial goal of the World Health Organization. Foundation Led by Dr. Hugh R. Taylor (Australia) advocacy for preservation of vision supports programs to provide quality eye care that is accessible and affordable by people throughout the globe. Worldwide Advocacy. The Global population of more than 6 billion people is distributed unevenly. Even more striking, data note the uneven distribu-tion of disease-related blindness, low vision and visual impairment. In 2002, disease-related severe visual impairment was reported in 124 million people worldwide and an additional 37 million people were blind.1, 7 Global causes of blindness as a percentage of total blindness vary by region and country. However, cataract continues to be the leading cause of world-wide blindness. Causes of Worldwide Blindness1 Percent of total blindness Cataract 47.8 Glaucoma 12.3 Age-related Macular Degeneration 8.7 Corneal Opacities 5.1 Diabetic Retinopathy 4.8 Childhood Blindness 3.9 Trachoma 3.6 Onchocerciasis 0.8 Other Causes 13.0 2006 REPORT | 15 International Council of Ophthalmology Foundation Globalestimateofvisualimpairment,byWHOregion(millions),2002:7EasternSouth-EastWesternAfricanRegionofMediterraneanEuropeanAsiaPacificRegiontheAmericasRegionRegionRegionRegionTotalPopulation672.2852.65028877.91,590.801,717.506,213.90#ofblindpeople6.82.442.711.69.336.9%oftotalblind18%7%11%7%32%25%100%#withlowvision2013.112.412.833.532.5124.3#withvisualimpairment26.815.516.515.545.141.8161.27.WorldHealthOrganization:www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fx282/en/index/html.ConfirmedonApril27,2007.Advocacy for preservation and restoration of vision requires communication and coordination with governments and the general public. In addition, coordination of actions with the World Health Organization, International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness and Vision2020 is essential. The Council espouses cooperation with the interna-tional entities promoting blindness prevention as well as the multinational and national ophthalmology organizations committed to promote eye and vision care that is effective, accessible and affordable. ICOFoundation Support for Advocacy. Advocacy promoted and encouraged by the ICOFoundation includes support for participation of ophthalmology representatives in public forums, scientific meetings, governmental conferences and related interactions that promote quality eye care for all people. ResearchinOphthalmologyandVisionWith Dr. Alfred Sommer (United States) as chair, a multinational committee critically assessed research in ophthalmology and vision to determine investi-gations of highest priority for global preservation of vision based on need, feasibility and resources required. The committee report entitled “A Research Agenda for Global Blindness Prevention” recognized the importance of biomedical and trans-lational research. The committee focused, however, on operational studies to enhance quality, availabili-ty and affordability of eye care worldwide. This plan for applied vision research has been officially endorsed by the Blindness and Disabilities Prevention Program of the World Health Organization and may be viewed in its entirety at www.icoph.org/research. ICOFoundation Support for Research. Research warrants support and high priority. However, the ICOFoundation support for research endeavors to influence nongovernmental and govern-mental organizations to perform studies identified by the committee representing the International Council of Ophthalmology. As resources become available, the ICOFoundation anticipates support for selected operational research. 16 | 2006 REPORT International Council of Ophthalmology Foundation International Council of Ophthalmology Executive body of the International Federation of Ophthalmological Societies Bruce E. Spivey, M.D., President San Francisco, California, United States Akef El-Maghraby, M.D., Vice President Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Jean-Jacques C. DeLaey, M.D., Secretary-General Ghent, Belgium Yasuo Tano, M.D., Treasurer Osaka, Japan Members: Richard L. Abbott, M.D., United States Christian Luco, M.D., Chile Jean Paul Adenis, M.D., France Akira Nakajima, M.D., Japan Selwa A.F. Al-Hazzaa, M.D., Saudi Arabia Gottfried O. H. Naumann, M.D., Germany Abdulaziz AlRajhi, M.D., Saudi Arabia Gullapalli N. Rao, M.D., India Rubens Belfort, Jr., M.D., Ph.D., Brazil Stephen J. Ryan, M.D., United States Benjamin F. Boyd, M.D., Panama Grace E. B. Saguti, M.D., Tanzania Daniel Etya’ale, M.D., Switzerland Abdel Latif H. Siam, M.D., Egypt Veit-Peter Gabel, M.D., Germany Alfred Sommer, M.D., United States Enrique Graue, M.D., Mexico Bradley R. Straatsma, M.D., J.D., United States Zdenek J. Gregor, FRCS, FRCOphth, United Kingdom Hugh R. Taylor, M.D., Australia H. Dunbar Hoskins, Jr., M.D., United States Mark O.M. Tso, M.D., United States Mohammed. Daud Khan, M.D., Pakistan Abhay R. Vasavada, MS, FRCS, India Tero Kivelä, Finland Peter G. Watson, FRCS, FRCOphth, United Kingdom Dennis S. C. Lam, M.D., China Zbigniew Zagorski, M.D., Poland Gerhard K. Lang, Germany Ji-liang Zhao, M.D., China 2006REPORT|17International Council of Ophthalmology Members and Advisory Committee Members at the World Ophthalmology Congress, Brazil in February 2006. International Council of Ophthalmology Foundation The ICOFoundation works to support worldwide programs of the International Council of Ophthalmology and International Federation of Ophthalmological Societies. International Council of Ophthalmology Foundation www.icofoundation.org Contributions to: Bruce E. Spivey, M.D.Secretary-TreasurerICOFoundation 945 Green Street San Francisco, California 94133 International Council of Ophthalmology Foundation International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO, www.icoph.org) International Federation of Ophthalmological Societies (IFOS) Ophthalmic Education and Training Ophthalmic Knowledge Assessment Ophthalmic Fellowship Training Eye and Vision Care Guidelines Advocacy for Preservation of Vision Research in Ophthalmology and Vision 18 | 2006 REPORT International Council of Ophthalmology Foundation The ICOFoundation Donor Honor Roll: 2003–2006 The ICOFoundation gratefully acknowledges gifts and pledges from individuals, foundations, organi-zations and corporations in the period from January 1, 2003 through December 31, 2006. Contributions from these individual philanthropists and visionary entities enabled the ICOFoundation to support programs of the International Council of Ophthalmology and International Federation of Ophthalmological Societies for preservation and restoration of human eyesight worldwide. CORPORATE DONORS $100,000 and greater Alcon, Inc. Eli Lilly & Company Santen Pharmaceutical Co. $50,000 – $99,999 Advanced Medical Optics, Inc. Allergan, Inc. Novartis Ophthalmics, AG $25,000 – $49,999 Bausch & Lomb, Inc. Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. $10,000 – $24,999 Genentech Nidek Co., Ltd. MAJOR INDIVIDUAL DONORS $75,000 and greater Dr. and Mrs. Akef El-Maghraby $10,000 – $24,999 Avoidable Blindness Group of the Rotary Foundation Dr. and Mrs. Bruce E. Spivey Dr. and Mrs. Bradley R. Straatsma $5,000 – $9,999 Anonymous Count Nicholas A. Bobrinskoy Mr. Ernest G. Herman Dr. and Mrs. Hilel Lewis Mr. and Mrs. James V. Mazzo $500 – $4,999 Anonymous Dr. and Mrs. Balder P. Gloor Dr. and Mrs. H. Dunbar Hoskins, Jr. Kazickas Family Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Neil M. Levine Dr. and Mrs. Paul R. Lichter Dr. and Mrs. Maurice H. Luntz Dr. and Mrs. Gottfried O. H. Naumann Dr. Jacob J. Pe’er Mr. and Mrs. David E. I. Pyott Mr. and Mrs. Timothy R. G. Sear Dr. and Mrs. Yasuo Tano Dr. and Mrs. Mark O. M. Tso 2006 REPORT | 19 International Council of Ophthalmology Foundation Contributions to the ICOFoundation The International Council of Ophthalmology Foundation is a California nonprofit public benefit corporation recognized as a tax-exempt organiza-tion under Section 501(c)(3) of the United States Internal Revenue Code and under equivalent code provisions of the State of California. All gifts to the ICOFoundation are tax-deductible to the fullest extent permitted by law. The ICOFoundation invites contributions from individuals, foundations, organizations and corpo-rations. Donors are viewed as partners in the noble effort to preserve and restore human vision. Please send contributions and requests for additional information to: BRADLEY R. STRAATSMA, M.D., J.D. President, International Council of Ophthalmology Foundation 3031 Elvido Drive Los Angeles, California 90049 Telephone: (310) 472-5517 Fax: (310) 206-4293 E-mail: straatsma@jsei.ucla.edu BRUCE E. SPIVEY, M.D., Secretary-Treasurer, International Council of Ophthalmology Foundation 945 Green Street San Francisco, California 94133 Telephone: (415) 409-8410 Fax: (415) 409-8403 E-mail: bruce@spivey.org TheInternationalCouncilofOphthalmologyFoundation,servingthroughouttheglobeastheWorldOphthalmologyFoundation®,isrepresentedbyafigureadaptedfromtheillus-trationportrayingprinciplesofthemicroscopeandthetele-scopeinSirIsaacNewton’s“Optiks”publishedin1704.20 | 2006 REPORT “Only when the whole world combine(s) resources to address the toll of avoidable blindness shall all of mankind be blessed with the right to see.” HELEN KELLER International Council of Ophthalmology Foundation Serving throughout the globe as the World Ophthalmology Foundation ®